اللغة الإنجليزية · الصف 11

ملخص شامل · منهج وزارة التربية الكويت · المستوى ب2

من الإعلام إلى الإسعافات الأولية — كل وحدة، بشرح كامل.

دليل دراسة كامل لإنجليزية الصف 11: الإعلام، والعلوم والتقنية، والصحة، والبيئة والسلامة — مع المفردات والقواعد (المبني للمجهول، الأسماء الموصولة، الكلام المنقول، الشرط، الأفعال الناقصة، أدوات الاستفهام الذيلية)، واستراتيجيات القراءة، ومهام الكتابة، وأوراق الغش، وخلاصة جامعة، وبنك أسئلة صعبة بحلول مفصلة.

الصف 11 وزارة التربية الكويت 2024/2025 5 وحدات CEFR B2

Media & Communication

Broadcasting · TV · newspapers · digital media · Kuwait Times · media reliability

1.1 Key vocabulary

Word	Definition	Example
broadcasting	the practice of creating audio/video content and distributing it to mass audiences through radio, TV, or the internet	Broadcasting has changed a lot in the digital age.
portable	easy to carry or move	Portable devices let audiences tune in from anywhere.
immediacy	the quality of happening or being done very quickly	Email is popular because of its immediacy.
reliability	the quality of being trustworthy and accurate	We must check the reliability of online sources.
flexible	able to change easily according to the situation	Kuwait's media policy is flexible and cooperative.
cooperation	working together for a common purpose	The two channels signed a cooperation agreement.
distribute	to send out or deliver to many people	Newspapers distribute news every morning.
audience	the people who watch, read, or listen to a programme	The audience grew after the live stream.

1.2 Background reading — the Kuwait Times

The Kuwait Times, founded by Yousuf Saleh Alyan, was the first English-language newspaper in the Gulf region and remains an important source of news. It is often referenced in reading-comprehension passages about Kuwaiti media history.

Reading strategy When a question says "According to the passage, …" the answer must be supported by the text — never use outside knowledge for such items.

1.3 Writing task — article

Write a 150-word article titled "The rise of digital media in Kuwait". Include:

an introduction naming two traditional media (TV, newspapers)
two advantages of digital media (immediacy, portability)
one disadvantage (reliability of sources)
a conclusion giving your opinion

Science & Technology

Inventions · discoveries · the digital age · communication technology

2.1 Key vocabulary

Word	Definition
invention	a new device or process created by someone
discovery	finding something that already existed but was unknown
device	a piece of equipment made for a particular purpose
patent	an official right to be the only person to make or sell an invention
digital	using a system of electronic signals (0 and 1)
advance	(verb) to move forward; (noun) progress
breakthrough	an important discovery or development
artificial	made by humans, not natural

2.2 Invention vs. discovery

Concept	Type	Why
the telephone	invention	did not exist before Alexander Graham Bell created it
penicillin	discovery	Fleming found a mould that already existed in nature
the wheel	invention	was designed and built by humans
fire	discovery	already existed in nature; humans learned to use it

Tip — by-passive vs. with-instrument Use by + person for the agent, and with + instrument/tool for the means. Compare: The cake was baked by Salma with a new oven.

2.3 Writing task — biography

Write a 120-word biography of an inventor (e.g. Bell, Edison, Al-Jazari). Include:

date and place of birth
the invention and the year it was made
the effect on people's lives
at least two passive-voice sentences

Health & Medicine

Diseases · treatments · healthy lifestyle · blood donation · first aid

3.1 Key vocabulary

Word	Definition
pale	having less colour in the face, often due to illness or blood loss
stable	not changing; in medicine, not getting worse
surgery	a medical operation
disease	an illness that affects people, animals, or plants
treatment	medical care given for an illness or injury
donor	a person who gives blood, an organ, or money
recover	to return to normal health after an illness
symptom	a sign of illness, e.g. fever, cough
vaccine	a substance that protects against a disease

Collocations to learn lose blood · gain weight · donate blood · give first aid · take medicine · catch a cold · keep fit · have a check-up

3.2 Reading strategy — context clues

When you meet an unknown word in a health passage, look for:

synonyms/antonyms nearby — "She was pale, not her usual rosy self."
cause and effect — "She lost a lot of blood; she looked pale and tired."
definition in the same sentence — "a donor, someone who gives blood, …"

3.3 Writing task — letter

Write a formal letter to a hospital thanking the staff for the treatment you received. Use formal register: I am writing to express …, I would like to thank …, I shall always be grateful …

Environment & Pollution

Types of pollution · recycling · conservation · environmental awareness

4.1 Key vocabulary

Word	Definition
pollution	the introduction of harmful substances into the environment
recycle	to treat waste materials so they can be used again
conservation	the protection of natural things (plants, animals, water)
awareness	knowledge or understanding of a subject
emission	gas or smoke sent into the air
renewable	that can be replaced naturally (e.g. solar, wind)
endangered	at risk of dying out completely
biodegradable	able to decay naturally without harming the environment

4.2 Three main types of pollution

Type	Source	Effect
air pollution	car exhaust, factory emissions	respiratory disease, smog
water pollution	oil spills, plastic waste, chemicals	harms marine life, unsafe drinking water
noise pollution	traffic, construction, loud music	stress, hearing loss

Watch out Do not confuse environment (the surroundings) with atmosphere (the layer of gases around the earth, or the mood of a place). In an essay about pollution use environment.

4.3 Writing task — persuasive essay

Write a 200-word essay titled "Three simple steps to reduce pollution in Kuwait". Use one modal of obligation per paragraph (should / ought to / must) and at least two passive-voice sentences.

Accidents & Safety

Road safety · first aid · emergency situations · accident prevention

5.1 Key vocabulary

Word	Definition
accident	an unexpected event that causes damage or injury
injury	physical harm to the body
casualty	a person killed or injured in an accident
prevent	to stop something from happening
wound	an injury in which the skin is cut or broken
emergency	a sudden, dangerous situation needing quick action
victim	a person harmed, injured, or killed
bandage	a strip of cloth used to cover a wound

5.2 Road-safety rules (modals of obligation)

Drivers must wear a seatbelt. (law / strong obligation)
You should keep a first-aid kit in the car. (advice)
You ought to check the brakes regularly. (advice, slightly formal)
You must not use a mobile while driving. (prohibition)
Children have to sit in the back seat. (rule / external obligation)

First-aid basics DRABC — Danger (check the scene), Response (does the victim respond?), Airway (is it clear?), Breathing (is the victim breathing?), Circulation (severe bleeding?).

5.3 Writing task — report

Write a 180-word report of an accident you witnessed. Use the passive voice to describe what was done: The driver was taken to hospital; the road was closed for two hours.

Grammar Focus · Passive Voice (All Tenses)

Form · use · by-agent · with-instrument

6.1 Form

Subject + (be) + past participle (V3) [+ by + agent]

Tense	Active	Passive
Present simple	My mother uses different recipes.	Different recipes are used by my mother.
Past simple	They built the school in 1990.	The school was built in 1990.
Future simple	The expert will repair the computers.	All the computers will be repaired by the expert.
Present continuous	They are building a new bridge.	A new bridge is being built.
Past continuous	They were cleaning the room.	The room was being cleaned.
Present perfect	They have sent the email.	The email has been sent.
Past perfect	They had repaired the car.	The car had been repaired.
Modal	You must wear a helmet.	A helmet must be worn.
Modal perfect	They should have done it.	It should have been done.

Rule of thumb Use the passive when the action is more important than the doer, or when the doer is unknown. Keep the same tense as the active sentence.

Common mistake Do not write "will repair by" — the verb must be will be repaired. The auxiliary be is essential in every passive form.

Grammar Focus · Relative Pronouns

who · which · that · whose · whom · where · when · why

Pronoun	Used for	Example
who	people (subject)	The man who called you is my teacher.
whom	people (object, formal)	The lady whom I met is a doctor.
which	things / animals	The car which broke down is new.
that	people or things (defining clauses only)	The book that I borrowed was great.
whose	possession (people, things, animals)	The man whose car was stolen reported it.
where	places	This is the school where I studied.
when	time	I remember the day when we first met.
why	reason (after the reason)	That is the reason why he left.

Defining vs. non-defining Defining (no commas, that allowed): The man who lives next door is a doctor.
Non-defining (commas, that NOT allowed): My father, who is 60, runs every morning.

Grammar Focus · Reported Speech

Statements · questions · commands

8.1 Tense change (backshift)

Direct	Reported
Present simple →	Past simple
Present continuous →	Past continuous
Past simple →	Past perfect
Present perfect →	Past perfect
will →	would
can →	could
may →	might
must →	had to

8.2 Examples

Statement: "I am tired," he said. → He said (that) he was tired.
Question (yes/no): "Are you ready?" she asked. → She asked if/whether I was ready.
Question (wh-): "Where do you live?" → He asked where I lived.
Command: "Open the door." → He told me to open the door.
Negative command: "Don't smoke." → She told me not to smoke.

No backshift If the reporting verb is in the present (e.g. He says …) or the original situation is still true, the tense does NOT change: He says he is tired.

Pronoun & time shifts I → he/she · my → his/her · now → then · today → that day · tomorrow → the next day · yesterday → the day before · here → there

Grammar Focus · Conditional Sentences

Type 0 · 1 · 2 · 3 · mixed

Type	If-clause	Main clause	Use
0 (general truth)	If + present	present	scientific facts
1 (real future)	If + present	will + V	possible future
2 (unreal present)	If + past	would + V	imagined/unreal now
3 (unreal past)	If + past perfect	would have + V3	regret about past
Mixed	If + past perfect	would + V	past condition, present result

9.1 Examples

Type 0: If you heat ice, it melts.
Type 1: If it rains, I will stay home.
Type 2: If I were rich, I would travel the world. (Use were for all persons in formal English.)
Type 3: If she had studied, she would have passed.
Mixed: If he had taken the job, he would be in Dubai now.

Trick In Type 2 we use were for all persons (not was): If I were you, I would apologise.

Grammar Focus · Modals & Question Tags

can · could · may · might · must · should · ought to · have to

Modal	Use	Example
can	ability / possibility / informal request	She can swim.
could	past ability / polite request	Could you help me?
may	permission / possibility	You may leave now.
might	weak possibility	It might rain.
must	strong obligation / deduction	You must wear a uniform.
should / ought to	advice	You should see a doctor.
have to	external obligation	I have to wear glasses.

10.1 Question tags

Statement , auxiliary (negated if positive) + pronoun ?

Positive → negative tag: You are a student, aren't you?
Negative → positive tag: She doesn't smoke, does she?
Let's → shall we? : Let's go, shall we?
Imperative → will you? : Open the door, will you?
I am → aren't I? : I am late, aren't I?

Watch out — negative adverbs Words like never, rarely, seldom, hardly make the statement negative, so the tag is positive: He never lies, does he?

Quick Reference

Cheat Sheets

📋 Passive Voice — cheat sheet

Present

am/is/are + V3

Past

was/were + V3

Future

will be + V3

Present perfect

has/have been + V3

Modal

modal + be + V3

Agent

by + person · with + tool

🔗 Relative Pronouns — cheat sheet

people (subject)

who · that

people (object)

whom · who · that

things

which · that

possession

whose

place

where

time

when

reason

why

non-defining

commas · NO that

💬 Reported Speech — cheat sheet

Statement

say/tell (that) + backshift

Yes/No Q

ask if/whether + S-V

Wh- Q

ask wh-word + S-V

Command

tell sb to + V

now → then

today → that day

tomorrow → next day

yesterday → day before

🔀 Conditionals — cheat sheet

Type 0

If + present, present

Type 1

If + present, will + V

Type 2

If + past, would + V

Type 3

If + past perfect, would have + V3

Type 2 verb "be"

always were

Mixed

past cond. + present result

❓ Modals & Question Tags — cheat sheet

ability

can / could

permission

may / can

possibility

may / might / could

advice

should / ought to

obligation

must / have to

Tag rule

positive ↔ negative

Let's →

shall we?

I am →

aren't I?

∑

Collective Summary — Grade 11 English

Everything on one page

Grade 11 English at CEFR B2 level covers five thematic units — media, science & technology, health, environment, and safety — woven together with five grammar pillars: passive voice, relative pronouns, reported speech, conditionals, and modals with question tags.

Vocabulary threads

Media: broadcasting, immediacy, reliability, distribute, audience, portable
Tech: invention, discovery, device, patent, digital, breakthrough, artificial
Health: pale, stable, surgery, donor, recover, symptom, vaccine
Environment: pollution, recycle, conservation, awareness, renewable, endangered
Safety: accident, injury, casualty, prevent, wound, emergency, bandage

Grammar threads

Passive: be + V3 — used when the action matters more than the doer; tense kept.
Relative pronouns: who/which/that/whose/whom/where/when/why — choose by referent; commas for non-defining.
Reported speech: backshift one tense back, swap pronouns and time words, use if/whether for yes-no questions, to + V for commands.
Conditionals: 0/1/2/3 + mixed — Type 2 uses were; Type 3 expresses regret.
Modals + tags: ability/permission/possibility/advice/obligation; tag flips polarity; Let's → shall we; I am → aren't I.

Reading & writing strategy

Reading: skim for main idea, scan for detail, use context clues for unknown words, base answers only on the passage.
Writing: plan → draft → check; use linking words (however, therefore, in addition, finally); vary sentence length; proofread for tense and articles.

Challenge Bank

Tricky Questions with Answers

Change to passive: "My mother uses different recipes while cooking."

Answer: Different recipes are used by my mother while cooking. Present simple passive: object + is/are + V3 + by + agent. "Uses" → "are used".

Change to passive: "The expert will repair all the computers tomorrow."

Answer: All the computers will be repaired by the expert tomorrow. Future simple passive: object + will be + V3. Note the auxiliary "be" must be present.

Fill in: "The man ____ car was stolen reported it to the police yesterday."

Answer: whose. Whose is the possessive relative pronoun showing ownership. "The man whose car was stolen …"

Fill in: "This is the school ____ I studied when I was young."

Answer: where. Where is the relative pronoun for places. "The school where I studied …"

Report: "I am tired," he said.

Answer: He said (that) he was tired. Backshift: am → was; I → he. "That" is optional.

Report: "Where do you live?" he asked.

Answer: He asked where I lived. Wh- question: keep wh-word, change to statement word order (no auxiliary do/does), backshift present → past, you → I.

Complete: "If I ____ you, I would apologise."

Answer: were. Type 2 conditional uses "were" for all persons in formal English.

Add a question tag: "He never lies, ____?"

Answer: does he?

"Never" is a negative adverb, so the statement is negative; the tag is positive. Present simple → "does he".