القانون والهجرة والإنجاز وقضايا العالم — كل وحدة، بشرح كامل.
دليل دراسة كامل لإنجليزية الصف 12 (Over To You، الوحدات 1–4): القانون والنظام، والهجرة والتعدد الثقافي، والإنجازات والتقنية، وقضايا العالم — مع المفردات والقواعد المتقدمة (المبني للمجهول السببي، القلب، اسم الفاعل/المفعول، الأفعال الناقصة المتقدمة، الشرط مع wish)، واستراتيجيات القراءة، ومهام الكتابة، وأوراق الغش، وخلاصة جامعة، وبنك أسئلة صعبة بحلول مفصلة.
الصف 12وزارة التربية الكويت2024/20254 وحداتCEFR B2
1
Law & Order
Crimes · justice system · legislation · court · legal professions · minority rights
1.1 Key vocabulary
Word
Definition
guilty
having committed a crime or offence
innocent
not guilty of a crime
legislation
laws made by a parliament or government
court
the place where legal cases are judged
judge
the person who decides a case in court
jury
a group of citizens who decide guilt in a trial
witness
a person who sees a crime or event and can describe it
sentence
(noun) the punishment given by a judge; (verb) to give a punishment
minority
a smaller group within a society, often needing protection
defend
to argue for someone in court; to protect
1.2 Legal professions
Profession
Role
judge
presides over the court and decides the sentence
lawyer / attorney
represents and advises a client
prosecutor
argues that the accused is guilty
defence lawyer
argues that the accused is innocent
police officer
investigates crimes and arrests suspects
Collocationscommit a crime · break the law · stand trial · pass sentence · find someone guilty · acquit someone · defend the rights of · protect minorities
1.3 Writing task — opinion essay
Write a 200-word essay: "Should minors who commit serious crimes be tried as adults?". Use one causative passive (e.g. have someone tried) and one inversion (e.g. Rarely do judges …).
2
Migration & Multiculturalism
Immigration · emigration · refugees · cultural diversity · minorities
2.1 Key vocabulary
Word
Definition
immigration
coming into a new country to live there
emigration
leaving one's country to live elsewhere
refugee
a person forced to leave their country because of war or danger
migrant
a person who moves from one place to another to live or work
diversity
the state of having many different types of people or things
multicultural
containing several different cultures
integration
the process of becoming part of a society
citizenship
legal membership of a country
heritage
traditions and culture passed down through generations
Watch outEmigrate = leave a country; immigrate = enter a country. He emigrated from Syria and immigrated to Germany.
2.2 Reading strategy — understanding attitude
Identify the writer's attitude through adjectives and adverbs: welcoming, hostile, cautious, optimistic. In exam questions, "the writer's attitude" is usually supported by one of these words in the text.
2.3 Writing task — report
Write a 180-word report on the cultural diversity of your school. Use participial phrases: Coming from different backgrounds, … ; Founded in 1980, …
3
Achievements & Technology
Kuwait Scientific Center · radio contact with the ISS · inventions · geniuses
3.1 Key vocabulary
Word
Definition
achievement
something done successfully with effort
advancement
progress or improvement
genius
a person of exceptional ability; great natural talent
perilous
full of danger or risk
contemporary
belonging to the present time
arbitrarily
based on random choice, not reason
contact
(noun/verb) communication with someone
preservation
the act of keeping something in its original state
advantageous
giving an advantage; useful
Reading note — Kuwait Scientific Center
In 2006, the Kuwait Scientific Center organised radio contact with the International Space Station (ISS) — the first such communication in the Arab world. This is presented as a technological and communication achievement, not as astronomy. The center's aims include the advancement of science and the preservation of Kuwait's cultural heritage.
3.2 Writing task — descriptive essay
Write a 200-word essay about a Kuwaiti achievement you admire. Include at least one causative (have/get something done) and one inversion (Not only did …, but … also).
to feel sorry for someone and understand their suffering
cooperation
working together for a common purpose
charity
an organisation that helps people in need
donate
to give money, goods, or blood to help others
value
the worth or importance of something
Useful phrasesraise awareness · live below the poverty line · provide shelter · fulfil basic needs · make a difference · lend a helping hand
4.2 Writing task — formal letter
Write a formal letter to an international charity asking them to support a local project for the homeless. Use advanced modals: Children must be starving; we ought to help.
5
Grammar Focus · Causative Passive (have / get something done)
Arrange for someone else to do a service
5.1 Form
Subject + have / get + object + past participle (V3)
Tense
have-form
get-form
Present simple
I have my car serviced.
I get my car serviced.
Past simple
I had my car serviced.
I got my car serviced.
Future simple
I will have my car serviced.
I will get my car serviced.
Present perfect
I have had my car serviced.
I have got my car serviced.
Modal
I must have my car serviced.
I must get my car serviced.
Key meaning
The subject does not do the action — they arrange for someone else to do it. I have my hair cut = the hairdresser cuts my hair, not me.
Common mistake
Do not write I have my car service or I have my car servicing. The form is always have + object + V3.
When a sentence starts with a negative or restrictive adverb, the auxiliary comes before the subject (like a question):
Negative adverb + auxiliary + subject + main verb
Adverbial
Normal order
Inverted order
Never
I had never seen such a thing.
Never had I seen such a thing.
Rarely
He rarely speaks in public.
Rarely does he speak in public.
Seldom
They seldom visit us.
Seldom do they visit us.
Hardly
I had hardly arrived when it rained.
Hardly had I arrived when it rained.
No sooner
I had no sooner opened the door than the phone rang.
No sooner had I opened the door than the phone rang.
Not only
She not only sings but also dances.
Not only does she sing but she also dances.
Little
He little knew what would happen.
Little did he know what would happen.
6.2 Participles as adjectives
Form
Meaning
Example
-ing (present participle)
active: causes a feeling
The film was boring. (It made me bored.)
-ed (past participle)
passive: receives a feeling
I was bored. (The film made me feel this way.)
-ing
—
The news was surprising.
-ed
—
We were surprised by the news.
6.3 Participial phrases
Present participial phrase:Walking down the street, I saw an old friend. (= While I was walking …)
Past participial phrase:Built in 1961, the Kuwait Times is the oldest English newspaper in the Gulf. (= Because it was built …)
Perfect participial phrase:Having finished his homework, he went out. (= After he had finished …)
Dangling participle
The participle must agree with the subject of the main clause. Wrong:Walking down the street, the tree looked beautiful. (Trees cannot walk!) Right:Walking down the street, I saw a beautiful tree.
7
Grammar Focus · Advanced Reported Speech & Modals
Modals in reported speech · deduction modals · past modals
7.1 Modals in reported speech
Direct
Reported
can
could
will
would
may
might
must (obligation)
had to
must (deduction)
must (no change)
should / ought to
should / ought to (no change)
need not
did not need to / did not have to
7.2 Deduction modals (present)
must be — strong certainty (positive): He must be a doctor; he wears a white coat.
can't be — strong certainty (negative): She can't be tired; she just woke up.
might / may / could be — possibility: He might be at home.
7.3 Past modals (deduction / regret)
Form
Meaning
Example
must have + V3
certain it happened
The ground is wet. It must have rained.
can't have + V3
certain it did not happen
She can't have done it; she was with me.
might / may have + V3
perhaps it happened
He might have missed the bus.
should have + V3
regret (right thing, not done)
I should have studied harder.
shouldn't have + V3
regret (wrong thing, done)
You shouldn't have shouted at her.
Memory aidMust in reported speech: if it means obligation, change to had to; if it means deduction, keep must.
8
Grammar Focus · Conditionals + Wish / If Only
All conditionals · wish + past / past perfect · if only
Type
If-clause
Main clause
Use
0
If + present
present
general truth
1
If + present
will + V
real future
2
If + past
would + V
unreal present
3
If + past perfect
would have + V3
unreal past
Mixed
If + past perfect
would + V
past cond., present result
8.1 Wish / If only
Pattern
Meaning
Example
wish + past simple
want a present situation to be different
I wish I were taller. / I wish I had a car.
wish + past continuous
want a present action to be different
I wish she were not working now.
wish + past perfect
regret about the past
I wish I had studied medicine.
wish + would + V
complain / want someone to change behaviour
I wish you would listen to me.
If only + past / past perfect
stronger, more emotional than "wish"
If only I had listened to my parents!
Common mistake
Do not say I wish I would have …. For past regret use wish + past perfect: I wish I had gone, not I wish I would have gone.
8.2 Examples
Type 3: If I had had enough money, I would have bought a castle.
Wish (present): I wish I knew the answer.
Wish (past regret): I wish I had not spoken so rudely.
Wish + would: I wish you would stop interrupting me.
If only (strong): If only he were here!
Quick Reference
Cheat Sheets
🔁 Causative Passive — cheat sheet
Form
S + have/get + O + V3
Present
have/has + V3
Past
had + V3
Future
will have + V3
Modal
modal + have + V3
Meaning
arrange a service, not do it yourself
🔄 Inversion — cheat sheet
Pattern
Neg-adv + aux + S + V
Never
Never had I seen …
Rarely
Rarely does he …
No sooner … than
No sooner had I … than …
Hardly … when
Hardly had I … when …
Not only … but also
Not only does she …
🎓 Modals (deduction / past) — cheat sheet
must be
certain (positive)
can't be
certain (negative)
might / may be
possible
must have + V3
certain it happened
can't have + V3
certain it didn't
should have + V3
regret (not done)
🌱 Participles — cheat sheet
-ing adjective
active — causes feeling
-ed adjective
passive — receives feeling
V-ing phrase
Walking …, I saw …
V3 phrase
Built in 1961, …
Having + V3
Having finished, he left.
Watch out
no dangling participles
🌟 Wish / If only — cheat sheet
wish + past
present regret
wish + past perfect
past regret
wish + would
complain / want change
if only + past
stronger than wish
Type 3
If + past perf, would have + V3
Avoid
wish + would have
∑
Collective Summary — Grade 12 English
Everything on one page
Grade 12 English at CEFR B2 level covers four modules of "Over To You" — law & order, migration & multiculturalism, achievements & technology, and world issues — woven together with five advanced grammar pillars: causative passive, inversion, advanced reported speech with modals, participles, and conditionals with wish / if only.
World issues: poverty, hunger, homelessness, empathy, sympathise, cooperation, charity, donate, value
Grammar threads
Causative passive: have/get + object + V3 — the subject arranges the action, does not do it.
Inversion: after Never, Rarely, No sooner, Hardly, Not only, Little — aux + subject + verb.
Advanced modals: must be / can't be (present deduction); must have / can't have / might have + V3 (past deduction); should have / shouldn't have + V3 (regret).